mount pelée 1902

Mount Pelée, the volcano on the French Caribbean island of Martinique, dramatically erupted in 1902, instantaneously killing thirty thousand people and obliterating the town of Saint-Pierre. 25 miles north-west from Fort de France, Mount Pelée is a 4,580 ft high dormant volcano. The US Congress voted for $200,000 of immediate assistance and set hearings to determine what larger sum might be needed when the full nature of the disaster could be learned. Mount Pelée, standing more than 4,500 feet high on the French Caribbean island of Martinique, erupted violently in May 1902, killing nearly 30,000 people — effectively the entire port city of St. Pierre. All were badly burned. The eruption eventually ended on October 5, 1905. A ground-hugging cloud of incandescent lava particles suspended by searing turbulent gases moved at hurricane speed down the southwest flank of the volcano, reaching Saint-Pierre at 8:02 a.m. Major Eruption of 1902 The eruption that Mt. A relief map of Mount Pelée showing the area affected by the eruptions of May 8, and August 3, 1902, after Lacrox 1904. This led the local newspaper Les Colonies to indefinitely postpone a proposed picnic on the mountain, originally planned for May 4. The geohistorical approach makes it possible to go beyond … Les conséquences sur la vie sociale, politique et économique de la Martinique furent considérables : Fort-de-France, déjà chef-lieu administratif, devint la ville principale de l’île et il ne resta de Saint-Pierre qu’un gros village agricole ; l'orphelinat de l'Espérance fut créé à Fort-de-France pour accueillir de nombreux enfants ; une partie de la population sinistrée fut relogée dans d'autres villes de la Martinique, sur la côte nord-atlantique et dans le Sud de l'île. On Wednesday, 7 May at around 04:00, activity increased; the clouds of ash caused numerous bolts of volcanic lightning around the mountaintop, and both craters glowed reddish orange into the night. La première phase d’activité de l’arc antillais se serait produite il y a 50 à 25 millions d'années (Ma). Illustrated Gazette of 1902), which mediated Mount Pelée erup-tion to the readers. [3], A brief lull was shattered by a tremendous explosion at about 8:00 a.m. on 8 May. [2] 1902 eruption. [citation needed] She said that the only thing she remembered from the event was sudden heat. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902_eruption_of_Mount_Pelée All survivors were badly burned.[3]. Le jeudi 8 mai, jour de l'Ascension, une explosion se produit dans le cratère de l’étang Sec, dont le flanc était largement échancré depuis la coulée du 5 mai. The newspapers still claimed the city was safe. With the deadliest eruption in the Western hemisphere, Pelée became the stuff of legends, making its way into postcards and literature the world over before falling silent for almost three … Y307E_1 S.S. Roraima and Mount Pelée ­­The Royal Commonwealth Society Library has just published an item level catalogue of a photograph collection, Y307E, which strikingly records one of the great natural disasters in human history: the eruption of Mont Pelée on Martinique during April and May 1902. The ejected material did not cause a significant amount of damage. Lors de l’arrivée des Français le 15 septembre 1635, le volcan venait de produire une éruption péléenne — dôme dans le cratère sommital, plusieurs nuées ardentes, destruction de la végétation sur toute la surface du volcan d'où la dénomination de « montagne Pelée ». Heavy ash fall at times caused total darkness. While the town of "Prêcheur" escaped unsc… The phreatic explosions had finally given way to magmatic explosions as magma reached the surface. On April 2, 1902, new … [citation needed] Many of these survivors were badly burned, and some died later from their injuries. Mont Pelée pokračovala v erupcích do roku 1903. August 30 – Mount Pelée again erupts in Martinique, destroying the town of Le Morne-Rouge and causing 1,000 deaths. While the mountain began to emit sulfurous vapors and a light dusting of volcanic ash in late April of 1902, no one could have anticipated the catastrophe that was to occur. On Monday, 5 May, activity appeared to decrease, but at about 1:00 p.m., the sea suddenly receded about 100 metres (330 ft) and then rushed back, flooding parts of the city, and a large cloud of smoke appeared westwards of the mountain. Elle devint une science à part entière à la suite des nombreuses observations que firent sur place de nombreux géologues et aux comptes-rendus qu’ils publièrent. Lacroix was the first to describe the nuée ardente (pyroclastic flow) phenomenon.[14][15]. In the days leading up to May 8, 1902, the volcano had been smoking and emitting vapors for days before the eruption, but locals had seen it do this before. 4 COMMENTS. In den letzten 5.000 Jahren der Aktivität des Vulkans wurden mehr als 30 Ausbrüche festgestellt. Studium případu této katastrofy předznamenalo začátek moderní vulkanologie. The Commission Report: morning of May 8th, 1902 The commission, responsible for the study of the Mount Pelée's volcanic phenomena met yesterday evening, May 7th, … Il en fut ainsi jusqu’au 27 avril 1902, jour du premier tour de l’élection législative. 1902 eruption of Mount Pelée‎ (3 K, 165 D) Medien in der Kategorie „Mount Pelée“ Folgende 42 Dateien sind in dieser Kategorie, von 42 insgesamt. Comme toutes les catastrophes dites « naturelles », celle-ci a eu deux causes, l’une naturelle — la nuée ardente irrépressible, aux effets inévitables, mais qui n’auraient pu être qu’écologiques et matériels — et l’autre humaine — la décision de ne pas faire évacuer la ville et de ne pas autoriser le départ des navires à l’ancre, dont la conséquence a été la mort de la population et de celle des marins et passagers. Inside this area, the annihilation of life and property was total; outside was a second, clearly defined zone where there were casualties, but the material damage was less, while beyond this lay a strip in which vegetation was scorched but life was spared. 1902-pelee-map.jpg 804 × 1,200; 870 KB. fin août : grondements et fumerolles acides ; mi-octobre : intensification des explosions de plus en plus violentes ; évacuation de la population ; 1930/1932 : diminution progressive de l’activité ; début de l’assoupissement actuel. April 22nd the telegraph cable between Martinique and Guadeloupe was broken. A second black cloud rolled upwards, forming a gigantic mushroom cloud and darkening the sky in a 50-mile (80 km) radius. Book based on the volcanic eruption of Mount Pelée, when it erupted on May 8, 1902 killing over 30,000 people. [5] Governor Louis Mouttet and his wife stayed in the city. The ash cloud was so dense that the coastal boats feared navigating through it. Fire and a suffocating stench prevented any deeper exploration of the burning ruins. Son port, en fait un simple mouillage dans la rade, à environ 100 m du rivage, accueillait de nombreux navires marchands internationaux pour exporter le sucre et le rhum fabriqués dans ses usines. Many citizens decided to flee the city, filling the steamer lines to capacity. In late April 1902, Mount Pelée, a volcano on the Caribbean island Martinique, began to wake up. Quoi qu’il en soit, c’est bien pour assurer le déroulement du second tour de l’élection législative que les autorités politiques et administratives ont empêché l'évacuation de Saint-Pierre, cause humaine qui a provoqué la catastrophe humanitaire. In early April, excursionists noted the appearance of sulfurous vapors emitting from fumaroles near the mountaintop. Mt. Ici encore, une importante activité phréatique précède l'arrivée du magma en surface. Despite intensive field studies on the associated deposit, two conflicting interpretations of the pyroclastic current dynamics … This enormous volcanic eruption ended up killing in one day more than 30000 people. On Saturday, 3 May the wind blew the ash cloud northwards, alleviating the situation in Saint-Pierre. A Mont Pelée (röviden Mt. Pelée, franciául: ... Az 1902-es kitörés A ... Ez a szócikk részben vagy egészben a Mount Pelée című angol Wikipédia-szócikk Az eredeti cikk szerkesztőit annak laptörténete sorolja fel. The tsunamis swept along the coast, damaging buildings and boats. Aucun d’entre eux n’avait pu assister à une nuée ardente et ils donnèrent diverses interprétations différentes du phénomène en cause. Photograph of Mt. L'ensemble de la ville est labellisée Ville d'Art et d'Histoire en 1990 par le ministère de la Culture et de la Communication. Among those who studied Mount Pelée were Angelo Heilprin and Antoine Lacroix. D'autres partirent pour la Guadeloupe, Sainte-Lucie, Trinidad, la Guyane, le Panama, le Venezuela…. This is the largest number of casualities for a volcanic eruption this century. Martinique: Mount Pelée goes into yellow vigilanceFort-de-France (AFP) Montagne Pelée, an active volcano in northern Martinique, is placed on yellow vigilance under the Orsec plan, due to signs of reactivation, the Martinique authorities announced on Friday. Revenu précipitamment après le second désastre du 30 août, Lacroix effectua l’étude détaillée de plusieurs nuées auxquelles il assista jusqu’en mars 1903 ; il en décrivit de façon détaillée la forme et le comportement, expliqua l’origine et la raison de leur dangerosité et produisit le premier rapport de vulcanologie scientifique publié pour le grand public par Masson sous le titre La montagne Pelée et ses éruptions. Pelée is most famous for is the one in 1902 which left only two alive in a city of 30,123 people. The area was covered with a layer of fine, flour-like white ash. [12] Relatively minor phreatic (steam) eruptions that occurred in 1792 … Technically, the illustrations are of a low quality, but they well illustrated the situation as it appeared both during and shortly after the explosion of Mount Pelée. Before the tragic 1902 eruption, as early as the summer of 1900, signs of increased fumarole activity were present in the Étang Sec crater near the summit. Pelée, franciául: ... Az 1902-es kitörés A ... Ez a szócikk részben vagy egészben a Mount Pelée című angol Wikipédia-szócikk Az eredeti cikk szerkesztőit annak laptörténete sorolja fel. President Roosevelt asked Congress for an immediate appropriation of $500,000 for emergency assistance to the victims of the calamity. 10 1. La décision n'est pas encore prise. Il y avait 18 bateaux au mouillage avec leurs équipages et des voyageurs sur un cargo mixte et un caboteur. MathsPro90. Perret fit ensuite l’étude complète de l’ensemble de l’éruption de 1929/1932, en a dressé la carte détaillée et a créé l’observatoire du morne des Cadets. Affiche-Martinique.jpg 398 × 600; 158 KB. The 1902 eruption of Mount Pelée was a volcanic eruption on the island of Martinique in the Lesser Antilles Volcanic Arc of the eastern Caribbean, which was one of the deadliest eruptions in recorded history. Almost everyone within the city proper—about 28,000 people—died, burned or buried by falling masonry. However, Captain Marina Leboffe, of the barque Orsolina, left the harbor with only half of his sugar cargo loaded, despite shippers' protests, clearance being refused by port authorities, and under threat of arrest. [citation needed] The clothing had been torn from nearly all the victims struck down outdoors. Estimation variable selon les effets pris en compte. It became unstable and collapsed into a pile of rubble in March 1903,[13] after 5 months of growth. On 27 April several excursionists climbed the mountaintop to find Étang Sec filled with water, forming a lake 180 m (590 ft) across. [citation needed]. Vue de Saint Pierre depuis le large après l'éruption. Lors de l’épisode actuel qui aurait débuté il y a environ 13 500 ans, elle aurait eu une trentaine d’éruptions pliniennes ou péléennes, en groupes alternants plus ou moins longs et nombreux, non cycliques. That night, the atmospheric disturbances disabled the electric grid, sank the city into darkness and added to the confusion. She died very shortly after being discovered. On savait évidemment que les éruptions volcaniques étaient susceptibles de provoquer des catastrophes et on en connaissait les effets décrits à propos de celles du Vésuve (79, 1631) du Lakagígar (1783), du Krakatoa (1883)… Mais on ignorait pratiquement tout du déroulement, ainsi que de la nature et de la contingence des événements dangereux : le 7 mai, 150 km plus au sud, une nuée ardente de l’éruption en cours de la soufrière de Saint-Vincent avait fait près de 2 000 victimes malgré l’évacuation de la population exposée ; à Saint-Pierre, les autorités et en premier lieu le gouverneur Louis Mouttet, en poste depuis 1901, le savaient, mais n’en ont pas tiré la leçon qui s’imposait ; les géologues et journalistes américains arrivés sur place le 21 mai avec le Dixie furent stupéfiés par l’aspect, la nature et l’ampleur des destructions. Ashes and fine-grained pumice covered the entire northern half of the island. The eruption of Mount Pelée took place in the islands of the Caribbean, a town in Martinique called St. Pierre. Using the example of the city of Saint-Pierre in Martinique, devastated by the eruptions of Mount Pelée in 1902, we were able to demonstrate that the city's trajectory did not correspond to a trajectory of resilience, contrary to what the actors claim. At 11:30 p.m. on 2 May the mountain produced loud explosions, earthquakes and a massive pillar of dense black smoke. There are suggestions below for improving the article. Jegyzetek. Thereafter, the volcano took a rest and gave off no more than steam until 1929. Thousands upon thousands of tons of molten lava, sand, rocks and steam are thrown high in the air and descend with crushing force upon the unfortunate inhabitants of the … Mount Pelée, active volcanic mountain on the Caribbean island of Martinique. In the next second, the telegraph line went dead. Pelée, whose name is a French term meaning “Bald,” consists of … In an appeal for public funds the President empowered postmasters to receive donations for relief of the victims; a national committee of prominent citizens took charge of chartering supply ships. this text was added here automatically, to create vertical scrolling which is required for parallax effects that were added on this page. Eruptive activity began on 23 April as a series of phreatic explosions from the summit of Mount Pelée. Demain, vous serez tous morts. Les différentes ruines et les épaves des navires coulés lors de l'éruption ont fait l'objet d'une demande de classement au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO. Les effets de cette éruption magmatique, un peu moins violente mais plus durable, ont été limités aux destructions matérielles, car on avait pris la précaution d’évacuer toute la population du Nord de l’île, en utilisant la carte de risque levée par Perret et ses observations depuis le morne des Cadets où il établit ensuite l’observatoire qui assure toujours la sécurité du Nord de l’île. It consisted of superheated steam and volcanic gases and dust, with temperatures exceeding 1,075 °C (1,967 °F). Some 30,000 people perished in the space of a few minutes. It was the early morning, May 8th in 1902, when eruption started destroying everything in its path. In April 1902, the first signs of Pelée’s reawakening were subtle: a string of small tremors rattled St. Pierre, and clouds of sulfurous fumes wafted down from the mountain. Media in category "1902 eruption of Mount Pelée" The following 165 files are in this category, out of 165 total. It is a mixture of gas and material at very high temperatures, up to 500 °C, moving at a tremendous speed of over 200 km/h. [9] U.S. cruiser Cincinnati, lying at Santo Domingo, and the Navy tug Potomac at San Juan, Puerto Rico, were ordered to proceed to the disaster area as soon as possible. News of the volcano Soufrière erupting on the nearby Saint Vincent island reassured the people, who believed it was a sign that the mountain's internal pressure was being relieved. A stratovolcano is a conical mountain composed of many layers of hardened lava, tephra (a solid matter such as ash or dust), and volcanic ash. The Mount Pelée May 8th, 1902 eruption is responsible for the deaths of more than 29,000 people, as well as the nearly-complete destruction of the city of Saint Pierre by a single pyroclastic current, and is, sadly, the deadliest eruption of the 20th century. La destruction de la ville et de ses alentours était inévitable, mais ses habitants et de nombreux marins ont été les victimes de décisions politiques et administratives sur instructions ministérielles : refus par le gouverneur de la Martinique, Louis Mouttet, de faire évacuer la ville et de laisser appareiller les navires ancrés dans la rade afin d’assurer le second tour de l’élection législative du 11 mai. A terrible volcanic explosion - Mont Pelee in Eruption, June 1902, Martinique. The numerous explosions which took place during the eruption are plain to be seen. Mount Pelée is infamous for having erupted in 1902 destroying the town of Saint-Pierre. [4] Relatively minor phreatic eruptions that occurred in 1792 and 1851 were evidence that the volcano was active and potentially dangerous. On 25 April the mountain emitted a large cloud containing rocks and ashes from its top, where the Étang Sec caldera was located. On 30 April Rivière des Pères and the river Roxelane swelled, carrying boulders and trees from the mountaintop. L’éruption de 1929-1932 : Après la crise de 1902-1904, une nouvelle manifestation éruptive intervient de 1929 à 1932. A reinterpretation based on this record shows that the crisis, which took place over three and a half months, had three stages of unequal length: (1) intensification of fumarolic … Once these issues have been addressed, the article can be renominated. In under a minute it reached and covered the entire city, instantly igniting everything combustible. I got up and went to another room, where I found the father Delavaud, still clothed and lying on the bed, dead. The ground was littered with dead. 28 of her crew, and all the passengers except two (a child and her creole nurse), were killed by the cloud.[5]. [11] A tsunami caused some damage in Carbet. I dropped upon a table. For the next several hours, all communication with the city was severed. The massive flow buried about 150 people and generated a series of three tsunamis as it hit the sea. There was a 15 m (50 ft) high cone of volcanic debris built up on one side, feeding the lake with a steady stream of boiling water. At the end of 10 minutes one of these, the young Delavaud girl, aged about 10 years, fell dead; the others left. Mount Pelée, Martinique 1902-2002 Christina Reed. From the summit, in bright weather, you can clearly make out the neighbouring islands. On 12 May, US president Theodore Roosevelt instructed the Secretaries of War, Navy, and Treasury to start relief measures at once. Its most recent eruption was in 1932. In reality, there were a number of survivors who made their way out of the fringes of the blast zone. It provides the boundary between the eastern coast, which is exposed to the trade wind, and the more protected western coast. Some of the afflicted residents panicked and headed for the perceived safety of larger settlements, especially Saint-Pierre, about 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Pelée's summit. The 1902 eruption of Mount Pelée was a volcanic eruption on the island of Martinique in the Lesser Antilles Volcanic Arc of the eastern Caribbean, which was one of the deadliest eruptions in recorded history. Das moderne Stadium der Entwicklung des Mount Pelée hat den größten Teil des gegenwärtigen Kegels mit Bimssteinablagerungen und den Ergebnissen vergangener pyroklastischer Strömungen geschaffen. Chronologie d'événements précurseurs à l'éruption de 1902 dans le cadre de l'éruption de 1889/1905, Éruption paroxystique et catastrophe du 8 mai 1902, Poursuite de l'éruption jusqu'en 1905/1910, Analyse des causes de la catastrophe de 1902, Naissance de la volcanologie scientifique, « une reprise de certaines formes d'activité sur la montagne Pelée », « Qui me les appliquera ? This page was last edited on 25 February 2021, at 17:12. Mount Pelée continued to erupt until July 4, 1905. A cable repair ship, CS Grappler, had the city in direct view; the upper mountainside ripped open and a dense black cloud shot out horizontally. Eruptions began on 23 April 1902. Within days, the vigor of the explosions exceeded anything witnessed since the island was settled by Europeans. L'éruption de la montagne Pelée en 1902 est une éruption volcanique, la plus meurtrière du XXe siècle ; sa nuée ardente (ou nuage pyroclastique) du 8 mai 1902 reste célèbre pour avoir en quelques minutes : entièrement détruit ce qui était alors la plus grande ville de l’île française de la Martinique, Saint-Pierre, décimé ses habitants — plus de 30 000 personnes soit 1/5e de la population de l’île[a],[1], seulement trois rescapés certifiés — et coulé une vingtaine de navires marchands. At about 12:00 the acting governor of Martinique sent the cruiser Suchet to investigate what had happened and the warship arrived off the burning town at about 12.30. One passenger steamship, the Roraima, which went missing on 26 April, was believed to have been engulfed by ash from a preliminary explosion. Refugees from other areas rushed into Saint-Pierre. En éruption, son magma d’andésite à labrador et hypersthène, très gazeux et très visqueux, produit des nuées ardentes par explosions violentes de dégazage, des lahars par pluies de condensation de vapeur d’eau volcanique et vidange d’étangs temporaires, construit des dômes ou des aiguilles plus ou moins vacuolaires instables, mais pas de coulées de lave. Headline photo: Tourists view Mount Pelée (Stock photo) WhatsApp. However, it reached the port of Saint-Pierre at 06:30, shortly before the eruption, and was set aflame by the pyroclastic flow. Vulkáni kúpja megszilárdult láva és megkeményedett vulkáni hamu rétegeiből épül fel. Directed by Georges Méliès. Ez a jelzés csupán a megfogalmazás eredetét jelzi, nem szolgál a cikkben szereplő információk forrásmegjelöléseként. Editors may also seek a reassessment of the decision if they believe there was a mistake. Mount Pelée was a Geography and places good articles nominee, but did not meet the good article criteria at the time. Le cône volcanique a une surface d'environ 120 km2. Cette éruption explosive est la catastrophe la plus meurtrière du XXe siècle en France et l'éruption volcanique la plus meurtrière au monde depuis celle du Krakatoa en 1883. The captain was seriously injured and in great pain but was able to navigate his ship to port in Saint Lucia, an island fifty miles south of Martinique. This picture depicts the eruption of the volcano by which over 30,000 souls were hurled into eternity. Just saying... December 6, 2020 At 10:50 am “no risk” lol talking about a volcano, a force of nature. The explosions continued at 5–6 hour intervals. Ont échappé à la catastrophe : le, Chambre de commerce et d'industrie de la Martinique, Le bilan humain de l’éruption de la Montagne Pelée a-t-il été aggravé par la tenue des élections à Saint-Pierre ?, Jean-Marc Party, FranceTélévisions, 08 mai 2019, Les Petites Antilles, des volcans et des séismes, Montagne Pelée : vigilance jaune pour activité volcanique en augmentation, Les éruptions volcaniques historiques aux Petites Antilles : inventaire et spatialisation des impacts physiques et humains, Observatoire volcanologique et sismologique de la Martinique, 1902 : Saint-Pierre détruit par le volcan - Alertes Météo (Révisé le 04 juin 2019), https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Éruption_de_la_montagne_Pelée_en_1902&oldid=179625692, Pages avec des arguments non numériques dans formatnum, Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata, Portail:Sciences de la Terre et de l'Univers/Articles liés, Portail:Époque contemporaine/Articles liés, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence. Through the day, people were leaving the city, but more people from the countryside were attempting to find refuge in the city, increasing its population by several thousand. This time, there was no hesitation on the part of authorities and the danger area was immediately evacuated. L’explosion du bouchon provoque un embrasement du cratère et une onde de choc atmosphérique supersonique (environ 450 m/s, 30 hPa de surpression instantanée) ; puis une épaisse émulsion brûlante (environ 1 000 °C)[g] de gaz, d’eau et d’éléments solides en suspension s’échappe d’une bouche au pied du dôme, produisant un panache noir en forme de champignon haut de plus de 4 km au-dessus du volcan, visible à plus de 100 km à la ronde ; il s’effondre sur lui-même et la nuée descendante axée sur la rivière Blanche, couvre de boue, de blocs et de cendres une zone triangulaire définie par étang Sec, Le Prêcheur et Saint-Pierre, de plus de 40 km2[h] et s’arrête au milieu de la rade à plus de 1 500 m du rivage[i]. Mont Pelée, též Montagne Pelée, je činná sopka, konkrétně stratovulkán, na severu ostrova Martinik v ... Následně 30. srpna 1902, bylo zřejmě zabito kolem 2000 lidí lávovými proudy ve vesnici Morne Rouge. Nobody knew what was happening, nor who had authority over the island, as the governor was unreachable and his status unknown. Mont Pelee (1379 m / 4583 ft) is a volcano on the island of Martinique which erupted in 1902. Image d'une nuée ardente, prise par Angelo Heilprin le 30 août 1902. It emitted clouds of ash and smoke for two weeks until violently erupting on May 8. The next day, at about 02:00, loud sounds were heard from within the depths of the mountain. On September 16, 1929, Mount Pelée began to erupt again. Peut-être à la suite d’une éruption au XVIe siècle, les Caraïbes auraient appelé le volcan « montagne de Feu ». Mont Pelée (engl. It brought to the attention of the public and governments the hazards and dangers of an active volcano. The strong smell of sulfur was all over the city, 6.4 km (4.0 mi) away from the volcano, causing discomfort to people and horses. Baie de Saint Pierre.jpeg 2.592 × 1.121; 980 KB. La Catastrophe; Alwyn Scarth; 2002: Oxford Press; pp 129–136, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of large volcanic eruptions of the 20th century, "Volcano Watch - Chronology of a volcanic disaster: The worst volcanic disaster of the 20th century occurred in 1902 on Martinique, an island in the French West Indies", http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/WestIndies/Pelee/description_mont_pelee.html, https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?155021, http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/history-of-geology/2012/05/08/may-8-1902-la-pelee/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1902_eruption_of_Mount_Pelée&oldid=1008899278, Articles needing additional references from January 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.

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