judge magazine 1892
[142] In her first four years on the court, she made at least 20 public appearances. He changed parties in 2009 but lost the Democratic primary for his seat in May 2010. She received a $10,000 stipend for her service. [83] On May 13, 2009, the Associated Press reported that Obama was considering Kagan, among others. Starting in 2010, Mandel signed on to help judge the reality competition show America's Got Talent. [150] The hunting trips stemmed from a promise Kagan made to Senator James Risch of Idaho during a meeting before her confirmation. [118] In an 8–1 decision, she held that the Chapter 13 Bankruptcy statute precludes a debtor from taking an allowance for car-related expenses if the debtor owns the car outright and does not make loan or lease payments. [38] According to her colleagues, Kagan's students complimented and admired her from the beginning, and she was granted tenure "despite the reservations of some colleagues who thought she had not published enough". While working as a water boy and field hand with his family as a youngster, Bass would originate and sing songs about guns, rifles, knives, robberies and killings. Though some Republicans opposed Harrison's re-nomination, Harrison defeated James G. Blaine and William McKinley on the first presidential ballot of the 1892 Republican National Convention. [135] The Court also struck down District 12 by a vote of 5–3 for similar shifts in its racial composition. [119][120] Kagan wrote the majority opinion in Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC. Blaine, however, did not want another fight for the nomination and a rematch against Cleveland at the general election. It was also the first time incumbents were defeated in consecutive elections—the second being Jimmy Carter's defeat of Gerald Ford in 1976, followed by Carter's subsequent loss to Ronald Reagan in 1980.[2]. According to Kagan, Scalia laughed when she told him of the promise and took her to his hunting club for the first of several hunting trips. [89], On May 10, 2010, Obama nominated Kagan to the Supreme Court. This page was last edited on 26 February 2021, at 04:16. Watson, "Anticipating the next Solicitor General", "Edwin Kneedler a 'savvy' choice to argue suit against Ariz. immigration law", "Harvard Law dean to step down from post", "For Supreme Court nominee Elena Kagan, a history of pragmatism over partisanship", "Paid Notice: Deaths Kagan, Gloria Gittelman", "A Family Portrait of Elena Kagan, Judicial Nominee", "A Climb Marked by Confidence and Canniness", "Growing Up, Kagan Tested Boundaries of Her Faith. She reasoned the word "applicable" was key to the statute, and debtors could only take allowances for car-related costs that applied. Kagan went on to earn an A in 17 of the 21 courses she took at Harvard. The Republicans' vote was not nearly as widespread as the Democrats. Kagan, though she allowed the military back, simultaneously urged students to demonstrate against Don't Ask, Don't Tell. [10], Kagan and her family lived in a third-floor apartment at West End Avenue and 75th Street[11] and attended Lincoln Square Synagogue. It quickly deepened into her chest, and she was eventually diagnosed with tuberculosis. Cleveland defeated challenges by David B. Hill and Horace Boies on the first presidential ballot of the 1892 Democratic National Convention, becoming the second Democrat to win his party's presidential nomination in three elections. [71] The Senate confirmed her on March 19, 2009, by a vote of 61 to 31. [74][75][76] In a 5-4 decision, the court overturned precedent and allowed corporations to spend freely in elections, a major defeat for the Obama administration. A portrait of Emma Lazarus. Later he would endorse Grover Cleveland for the presidency. The Senate Judiciary Committee's Republican Chairman, Orrin Hatch, scheduled no hearing, effectively ending her nomination. The convention nominated John Bidwell from California for president on the first ballot. Source: US President – P Convention. They were on the ballot in five states: Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.[14]. The Populist platform called for nationalization of the telegraph, telephone, and railroads, free coinage of silver, a graduated income tax, and creation of postal savings banks. [81] Obama had his first Supreme Court vacancy to fill in 2009 when Associate Justice David H. Souter announced his upcoming retirement. [10] Harrison also did not want Morton on the ticket. Hill had begun to run for the position of president unofficially as early as 1890, and even offered former Postmaster General Donald M. Dickinson his support for the vice-presidential nomination. She navigated the factions with ease, and won the respect of everyone. For the first time, the Court had three sitting female justices: Kagan, Ginsburg, and Sotomayor. [117][116], Kagan's first opinion as a justice, Ransom v. FIA Card Services, was a statutory interpretation case where the court was tasked with determining what income a debtor was allowed to shield from creditors in bankruptcy. Harrison was nominated on the first ballot with 535.17 votes to 182.83 for Blaine, 182 for McKinley, and the rest scattered. [128] She argued the use of prayer showed a preference for a particular religion and thus violated Americans' First Amendment rights. Retrieved July 31, 2005. Leonidas L. Polk was the initial frontrunner to the presidential nomination. Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. Marshall said he hired Kagan to help him put the "spark" back into his opinions as the court had been undergoing a conservative shift since William Rehnquist became Chief Justice in 1986. [111] Still, FiveThirtyEight observed that Kagan voted with her more liberal peers, Ginsburg and Sotomayor, over 90% of the time. Advisors warned that such statements might alienate potential supporters in the South and West and risk his chances for the nomination, but Cleveland felt that being right on the issue was more important than the nomination. [150] She has never married. As of 2020, he is the third of six presidential nominees to win a significant number of electoral votes in at least three elections, the others being Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, William Jennings Bryan, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Richard Nixon. [116] After Brett Kavanaugh's confirmation, she was assigned to the Ninth Circuit, the largest US circuit court by area. Cleveland ran on a platform of lowering the tariff and opposed the Republicans' 1890 voting rights proposal. He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures. [78] The Washington Post described her style during argument as "confident" and "conversational". [13] Kagan and Riskin negotiated a solution. [3], A challenger emerged in the form of David B. Hill, former governor of and incumbent senator from New York. [12], Kagan's childhood friend Margaret Raymond recalled that she was a teenage smoker but not a partier. Secondly, the southern states sent a number of black delegates. She wrote the majority opinion in Cooper v. Harris, a landmark case restricting the permissible uses of race in drawing congressional districts. [22] In Ohio, the direct election of presidential electors combined with the close race resulted in a split between the Republican and Democratic electors: 22 for Harrison and one for Cleveland. She became one of Mikva's favorite clerks; he called her "the pick of the litter". [122], Kagan's first dissent came in the First Amendment case Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn, 563 U.S. 125 (2011). McKinley protested when the Ohio delegation threw its entire vote in his name, despite not being formally nominated, but Joseph B. Foraker, who headed the delegation, managed to silence him on a point of order. [12] [88] This alarmed some liberals and progressives, who worried that "replacing Stevens with Kagan risks moving the Court to the right, perhaps substantially to the right". The email read in part, "This action causes me deep distress. "[20] Wilentz says Kagan did not mean to defend socialism, noting that she "was interested in it. Such policies, which particularly in the case of the latter were associated with an upwelling of nativist and anti-Catholic attitudes amongst their supporters, resulted in the defection of large sections of immigrant communities, especially Germans, to the Democratic Party. [5] As a supporter of using paper greenbacks and free silver to inflate the currency and alleviate economic distress in rural districts, Stevenson balanced the ticket headed by Cleveland, who supported hard-money and the gold standard. Titles range from academic and scientific publications to literary and popular magazines. [110] In 2018, Slate observed that Kagan had crossed ideological lines on multiple cases during the proceeding term, and considered her to be part of a centrist bloc along with Justices Roberts, Stephen Breyer, and Anthony Kennedy. After a nomination to the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Bass Reeves began his life as a slave in the state of Arkansas in July 1838, near the town of Van Buren. The first Socialist Labor Party National Convention assembled in New York City and, despite running on a platform that called for the abolition of the positions of president and vice-president, decided to nominate candidates for those positions: Simon Wing from Massachusetts for president and Charles Matchett from New York for vice-president. [70] Kagan testified that she would defend laws, such as the Defense of Marriage Act, pursuant to which states were not required to recognize same-sex marriages originating in other states, "if there is any reasonable basis to do so". (September 7, 2009). When the Senate term ended, her nomination lapsed, as did that of fellow Clinton nominee Allen Snyder. [131], Kagan wrote for the majority in Cooper v. Harris, 581 U.S. 15-1262 (2017), striking down the configuration of two of North Carolina's congressional districts. Though he had remained relatively quiet on the issue of silver versus gold, often deferring to bimetalism, Senate Democrats in January 1891 voted for free coinage of silver. Former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote the article on Kagan, calling her "an incisive legal thinker" and "excellent communicator". [74] During argument, she asked the court to uphold a 1990 precedent that allowed the government to restrict corporations' use of their treasuries to campaign for or against political candidates. Prior to the convention, the race was thought to be close between Bidwell and William Jennings Demorest, but the New York delegation became irritated with Demorest and voted for Bidwell 73–7. [66][67] At the time of her nomination, Kagan had never argued a case before any court. In 1892, it was still a sectionally based party mainly situated in the East, Midwest, and West and was barely visible south of the Mason–Dixon line. [129] The defendant, Sila Luis, had been charged with Medicare fraud, in which prosecutors alleged he illegally charged $45 million for unneeded services. Of these, Jackson, Cleveland, and Roosevelt also won the popular vote in at least three elections. [115], Kagan was the circuit justice, the justice responsible for handling emergency requests, for the Sixth and Seventh Circuits. (September 7, 2009). ", Knoles, George Harmon. She is considered part of the Court's liberal wing but tends to be one of the more moderate justices of that group. Kagan was born on April 28, 1960, in Manhattan, the second of three children[6][7] of Robert Kagan, an attorney who represented tenants trying to remain in their homes, and Gloria (Gittelman) Kagan, who taught at Hunter College Elementary School. Kagan was born and raised in New York City.After graduating from Princeton University, the … [21] Weaver also performed well in the South as he won counties in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Texas. A boom began to build around the "draft Blaine" effort with supporters hoping to cause a break towards their candidate. [15] William McKinley campaigned extensively for Harrison, setting the stage for his own run four years later. [17] After graduating, Kagan attended Princeton University, where she earned a Bachelors of Arts summa cum laude in history in 1981. In a rematch of the closely contested 1888 presidential election, former Democratic President Grover Cleveland defeated incumbent Republican President Benjamin Harrison. In 1891, the American farmers' alliances met with delegates from labor and reform groups in Cincinnati, Ohio, to discuss the formation of a new political party. [132] The court held the districts' boundaries were unconstitutional because they relied excessively on race and did not pass the strict scrutiny standard of review. [100][101] She is the first person appointed to the Court without any prior experience as a judge since William Rehnquist and Lewis F. Powell Jr., who both became members in 1972. According to Campus Progress, .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, As dean, Kagan supported a lawsuit intended to overturn the Solomon Amendment so military recruiters might be banned from the grounds of schools like Harvard. [134] Applying this principle to the facts of the case, the Court unanimously struck down North Carolina's District 1, where state lawmakers had increased the state's black voting-age population by 4.1% even though the black population had already been able to elect preferred candidates before the district lines were redrawn. President Obama nominated her to the Supreme Court to fill the vacancy arising from the impending retirement of Justice John Paul Stevens. This inevitably turned attention to Ohio Governor William McKinley, who was indecisive as to his intentions in spite of his ill feelings toward Harrison and popularity among the Republican base. [49][50], After her service in the White House and her lapsed judicial nomination, Kagan returned to academia in 1999. [52], In 2001, Kagan was named a full professor at Harvard Law School and in 2003 she was named dean of the Law School by Harvard University President Lawrence Summers. The Democrats did not win another presidential election until 1912. "The Catholic Indian school issue and the presidential election of 1892. [85], On April 9, 2010, Justice John Paul Stevens announced he would retire at the start of the Court's summer 2010 recess, triggering new speculation about potential replacements, and Kagan was once again considered a contender. [151] Kagan is known to spend time with longtime friends from law school and her stint in the Clinton administration rather than attending DC social events she is invited to as a justice. With respect but deep sadness, I dissent. Kagan initially offered to go hunting with Risch before promising instead to go hunting with Scalia if confirmed. Cleveland was the third of only five presidents to win re-election with a smaller percentage of the popular vote than in previous elections, although in the two prior such incidents — James Madison in 1812 and Andrew Jackson in 1832 — not all states held popular elections. [123][124] Kagan deemed this distinction "arbitrary" because tax credits and grants can be used to achieve the same objectives. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. This was really the first formal bat mitzvah we had," he said. The transit to and from the magazine is now stopt by the sentinels, They see so many strange faces they do not know whom to trust. [21], Kagan served as Associate White House Counsel for Bill Clinton from 1995 to 1996, when Mikva served as White House Counsel. She was nominated by President Barack Obama on May 10, 2010 and has served since August 7, 2010. Her work is catalogued in the Clinton Library. [123] Writing for the liberal wing, she took issue with the majority's creation of an exception to the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. By the beginning of 1892, many Americans were ready to return to Cleveland's political policies. Harrison's loss also marked the only time until Donald Trump's defeat in 2020 that the Republican Party lost the White House after only one term, and lost the popular vote twice in a row. The case was challenged in the Supreme Court, which ruled the military could indeed require schools to allow recruiters if they wanted to receive federal money. President Harrison's re-election bid was a decisive loss in both the popular and electoral count, unlike President Cleveland's re-election bid four years earlier, in which he won the popular vote, but lost the electoral vote. [137][141], Like other justices, Kagan makes public appearances when she is not hearing cases. (May 9, 2010). However, should Blaine and Harrison fail to attain the nomination after a number of ballots, he felt he could be brought forth as a harmony candidate. The dissent argued that those challenging the validity of the district had not proved that race caused the change in District 12. Blaine refused to run actively, but the cryptic nature of his responses to a draft effort fueled speculation that he was not averse to such a movement. [14] Next to the photo is a quotation from former Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter: "Government is itself an art, one of the subtlest of arts. [4], In a narrow first-ballot victory, Cleveland received 617.33 votes, barely 10 more than needed, to 114 for Hill, 103 for Governor Horace Boies of Iowa, a populist and former Republican, and the rest scattered. She's good with people. [11] "She had strong opinions about what a bat mitzvah should be like, which didn't parallel the wishes of the rabbi," her father's colleague said. [16] She was elected president of the student government and served on a student-faculty consultative committee. The Prohibition ticket received 270,879, or 2.2% nationwide. [19] She wrote a senior thesis under historian Sean Wilentz titled "To the Final Conflict: Socialism in New York City, 1900–1933". This created a split delegation of electors: one for Weaver, one for Harrison, and one for Cleveland.[22]. ... 1892–1975 Selassie was the Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. [152], This article is about the Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. The prosecutors asked a judge to freeze $2 million of Luis's assets, which Luis said she needed to pay legal bills, after she had already spent most of the $45 million she made from the alleged scheme. The incumbent vice president, Levi P. Morton, was supported by many at the convention, including Reid himself, but did not wish to serve another term. Privately, Harrison did not want to be renominated for the presidency, but he remained opposed to the nomination going to Blaine, who he was convinced intended to run, and thought himself the only candidate capable of preventing that. "[15], Kagan attended Hunter College High School, where her mother taught. [11] In her 1977 Hunter College High School yearbook, she is pictured in a judge's robe and holding a gavel. [148] Before joining the Supreme Court, she was known to play poker and smoke cigars. Circuit, which expired without action, she became a professor at Harvard Law School and was later named its first female dean. His health had begun to fail, and three of his children had recently died (Walker and Alice in 1890, and Emmons in 1892). Our Campaigns. The index lists criminal and civil cases heard before the Judge Advocate's Bench of Magistrates 19 Feb 1788-25 Nov 1820. [126] Greece involved a town in New York inviting chaplains, for several years all Christian, to give a prayer before town council meetings. It was the largest total vote and highest percentage of the vote received by any Prohibition Party national ticket. The sixth Prohibition Party National Convention assembled in Music Hall in Cincinnati, Ohio. [148][149] Early on in her tenure as a justice, Kagan began socializing with several of her new colleagues. In her first term on the Court, Kagan did not write any separate opinions, and wrote the fewest opinions of any justice. [29] In 1986 she received a Juris Doctor, magna cum laude, from Harvard Law School, where she was supervisory editor of the Harvard Law Review. It includes Alaska, Arizona, California, Guam, Hawaii, Idaho, Oregon, Montana, Nevada, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Washington state. Another candidate mentioned frequently for the nomination was Walter Q. Gresham, an appellate judge who had made a number of rulings against the railroads that made him a favorite of some farmer and labor groups, and it was felt that his rather dignified image would make the Populists appear as more than a minor contender. James B. Cranfill from Texas was nominated for vice-president on the first ballot with 417 votes to 351 for Joshua Levering from Maryland and 45 for others.[13]. "[136] Ginsburg, Breyer, and Sotomayor joined her dissent. The practices challenged in these cases imperil our system of government. Welsh Journals provides access to journals relating to Wales published between 1735-2007. Blaine had been the Republican nominee in 1884 when he was beaten by Democrat Grover Cleveland. (Women in New Jersey had the right to vote under the state's original constitution, but this right was rescinded in 1807.). Despite the urging of Republican power broker Mark Hanna, McKinley did not put himself forward as a potential candidate, afraid of offending Harrison and Blaine's supporters, while also feeling that the coming election would not favor the Republicans.[9]. [59] She also made an effort to hire conservative scholars, such as former Bush administration official Jack Goldsmith, for the traditionally liberal-leaning faculty. Margin of victory less than 1% (35 electoral votes): Margin of victory between 1% and 5% (158 electoral votes): Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (101 electoral votes): * Third party is endorsed by a major party, History of American Presidential Elections, Volume II, Pg 1710–1711, History of American Presidential Elections, Volume II, Pg 1711–1714, History of American Presidential Elections, Volume II, p. 1719–1720, History of American Presidential Elections, Volume II, Pgs 1706–1708, History of American Presidential Elections, Volume II, Pgs 1706–1707, History of American Presidential Elections, Volume II, Pgs 1716, History of American Presidential Elections Volume II 1848–1896; Schlesinger; Pgs 1721–1722, History of American Presidential Elections Volume II 1848–1896; Schlesinger; Pgs 1722–1723, Presidential Elections, 1789–2008: County, State, and National Mapping of Election Data, Donald R. Deskins, Jr., Hanes Walton, Jr., and Sherman C. Puckett, pg. [73] She helped win four cases: Salazar v. Buono, 59 U.S. 700 (2010) United States v. Comstock, 560 U.S. 126 (2010), Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project, 561 U.S. 1 (2010), and Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, 561 U.S. 477 (2010). Efforts included constructing new facilities and reforming the first-year curriculum as well as aesthetic changes and creature comforts, such as free morning coffee. [36] During her short time at the firm, she handled five lawsuits that involved First Amendment or media law issues and libel issues. At the time, the law school was a politically charged and divided place. [92] On July 20, 2010, the Senate Judiciary Committee voted 13–6 to recommend Kagan's confirmation to the full Senate. [97][93] Republican senators criticized Kagan's background as more political than judicial; she responded by promising to be impartial and fair. Elena Kagan (/ˈkeɪɡən/; born April 28, 1960) is an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. This resulted in a split between the Republican and Democratic electors: nine for Harrison and five for Cleveland. This would not happen again until 1980. [133] The increase of black voters in District 1 resulted in a decrease of black voters in other districts. Specter was first elected to the Senate as a Republican. ", "A Pragmatic New Yorker on a Careful Path to Washington", "Pals from student days remember a determined Elena Kagan", "Manhattan Renders Its Verdict on Court Pick", "U.S. Supreme Court nominee Elena Kagan's writings, views while at Princeton to be examined", "Elena Kagan's Undergraduate Thesis – Grasping Reality with Both Hands", "Elena Kagan's College Years: At Princeton She Was Both 'Vivacious' And Reserved", "Daniel M. Sachs Class of 1960 Scholarship", "Kagan '81 nominated for U.S. solicitor general", "Elena Kagan Named Next Dean of Harvard Law School - Harvard Law Today", "Kagan Struggled in First Term at Harvard Law", "Elena Kagan played Chicago-style 16-inch softball at U of Chicago", "Private Speech, Public Purpose: The Role of Governmental Motive in First Amendment Doctrine", Kagan in '97 urged Clinton to ban late abortions, "Little Light Shed on Bush Judicial Pick", "Elena Kagan law articles not so easy to count", "Summers Manages Low Profile While Advising Senator Obama; Some Women Warn Democrat About Former Harvard President", "Kagan, possible Obama pick, thawed Harvard Law", "Harvard Law School Celebrates Record-setting Capital Campaign", "The Harvard Law Record – Lessig rejoining faculty", "Solicitor General Kagan Holds Views Close To Her Chest", "Foes may target Kagan's stance on military recruitment at Harvard", "Possible Supreme Court pick had ties with Goldman Sachs", "More Obama Justice Dept Picks Announced", "Obama names Jewish woman as solicitor general", "Elena Kagan and the GOP's perilous partisanship", "Gay rights central to Elena Kagan fight", "On the Nomination (Confirmation Elena Kagan, of Massachusetts, to be Solicitor General)", "In Elena Kagan's work as solicitor general, few clues to her views", "Justices Are Pressed for a Broad Ruling in Campaign Case", "Supreme Court Majority Critical of Campaign Law Precedents", "Kagan: Campaign finance reform proved a major defeat - CNN.com", "Robertson v. United States ex rel Watson", "As Harvard Seeks a President, Dean Kagan's Star Is Rising – March 10, 2006 – The New York Sun", "Campaign 2004: Election likely to alter make-up of Supreme Court", "Follow-Up to the Democratic (Not So) Short List", "Dems sketch Obama staff, Cabinet – Mike Allen", "David H. Souter Letter to President Obama, May 1, 2009", "David Axelrod: A surprise request from Justice Scalia – CNN.com", "AP source: Obama has more than 6 people for court", "The Retirement Of Justice John Paul Stevens", NBC Breaks Kagan News When Toobin Could Have Called, "Elena Kagan Nominated to the Supreme Court", "69 law school deans endorse Kagan in letter to Senate", "Partisan Divisions Mark Opening of Kagan Nomination Hearings", "Kagan finishes Supreme Court confirmation hearings", "Elena Kagan's law review article said Supreme Court nominees should be forthcoming", "Senate votes to confirm Kagan to Supreme Court", "Senate confirms Kagan as 112th justice to Supreme Court", "Kagan sworn in as Supreme Court justice: She won't be formally installed as a justice until Oct. 1", "Associate Justice Elena Kagan Swearing-in Ceremony", "Obama Is Said to Choose Elena Kagan for the Supreme Court", "Obama picks Kagan for Supreme Court – Supreme Court", "Supreme Court: Justices Without Prior Judicial Experience", "Court Nominee Elena Kagan: Let the Scrutiny Start", "Religion, The Supreme Court And Why It Matters", "How Ruth Bader Ginsburg Has Moved the Supreme Court", "Justice Sotomayor is showing her liberal peers on SCOTUS how to be a potent minority voice", "Which Justices Were BFFs This Supreme Court Term", "When do Supreme Court Justices Recuse Themselves from Cases?
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